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Issue #004

December, 2025

Synthetic Photosynthesis: The Quest to build an Artificial Leaf

  1. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I. M., & Murphy, A. (2015). Plant physiology and development (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates. 

  2. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/plant-physiology-and-development-9781605357057

  3. Collins, S. (2022, August 17). Floating ‘artificial leaves’ ride the wave of clean fuel production. University of Cambridge. https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/floating-artificial-leaves University of Cambridge

  4. University of Cambridge. (2025, February 3). Tiny copper ‘flowers’ bloom on artificial leaves for clean fuel production. University of Cambridge. https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/tiny-copper-flowers-bloom-on-artificial-leaves-for-clean-fuel-production University of Cambridge


Uranus’ New Moon: From Herschel’s Lab to Webb’s Eye

  1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2025). Uranus moons. NASA Science. https://science.nasa.gov/uranus/moons/ (accessed December 2025) NASA Science

  2. Sheetz, M. (2025, August 19). Astronomers find tiny new moon around Uranus with the James Webb Space Telescope. Space.com. https://www.space.com/astronomy/uranus/scientists-find-tiny-new-moon-around-uranus-with-the-james-webb-space-telescope-photos-video (accessed December 2025) Space

  3. Wikipedia Contributors. (2025, November). Moons of Uranus. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus (accessed December 2025) Wikipedia


AI Scientist: A New Way to Research

  1. Yamada, Y., Lange, R. T., Lu, C., Hu, S., Lu, C., Foerster, J., & Ha, D. (2025). The AI Scientist-v2: Workshop-level automated scientific discovery via agentic tree search 

  2. Sakana AI claims its AI-generated paper passed peer review — but it’s a bit nuanced than that. TechCrunch. (2025, March 12). https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/12/sakana-claims-its-ai-paper-passed-peer-review-but-its-a-bit-more-nuanced-than-that/ TechCrunch

Sakana AI. (2025, March 12). The AI Scientist generates its first peer-reviewed scientific publication. Sakana AI. https://sakana.ai/ai-scientist-first-publication/ sakana.ai


A New Color ‘Olo’: The Wizard of Oz Way

  1. Fong, J., Doyle, H. K., Wang, C., Boehm, A. E., Herbeck, S. R., Pandiyan, V. P., … & Ng, R. (2025). Novel color via stimulation of individual photoreceptors at population scale. Science Advances, 11(16). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu1052 Science

  2. Wikipedia Contributors. (2025, December 19). Olo (color). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olo_%28color%29 Wikipedia

  3. Manke, K. (2025, April 22). Scientists trick the eye into seeing new color ‘olo’. UC Berkeley News. https://news.berkeley.edu/2025/04/22/scientists-trick-the-eye-into-seeing-new-color-olo/ B


HIV: Hack Mode Activated - Here’s How to Shut it Down

  1. Sharp, P. M., & Hahn, B. H. (2011). Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 1(1), a006841.https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a006841https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3234451/

  2. Douek, D. C., Roederer, M., & Koup, R. A. (2009). Emerging concepts in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS. Annual Review of Medicine, 60, 471–484.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.med.60.041807.123549

  3. World Health Organization. (2023). Updated recommendations on HIV prevention, infant diagnosis, antiretroviral initiation and monitoring. World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240077122

  4. Gupta, S. K., et al. (2023). Long-acting HIV capsid inhibitor lenacapavir for prevention of HIV infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 388(2), 130–142.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2211075


The mRNA Revolution: Now, It’s Your Turn Mr. Malaria

  1. World Health Organization. (2024). Malaria. World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria

  2. Draper, S. J., Sack, B. K., King, C. R., Nielsen, C. M., Rayner, J. C., Higgins, M. K., … Seder, R. A. (2018). Malaria vaccines: Recent advances and new horizons. Cell Host & Microbe, 24(1), 43–56.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.06.008https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128(18)30224-3

  3. Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research. (2025, August). mRNA malaria vaccine blocks parasite transmission inside mosquitoes. WEHI.https://www.wehi.edu.au/news/mrna-malaria-vaccine-blocks-transmission


Quantum Computing: Just What the Heck is it?

  1. Nielsen, M. A., & Chuang, I. L. (2010). Quantum computation and quantum information (10th anniversary ed.). Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511976667https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/quantum-computation-and-quantum-information/7B6CDEB1C3B3EAB6B8B6C8A0E7A7A7A6

  2. Arute, F., Arya, K., Babbush, R., et al. (2019). Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor. Nature, 574(7779), 505–510.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1666-5

  3. Preskill, J. (2018). Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond. Quantum, 2, 79.https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2018-08-06-79/

  4. Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India. (2023). National Quantum Mission. Government of India.https://www.psa.gov.in/national-quantum-mission


Deep Sea Creature: Not just one, but a community!

  1. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2025). What is the deep ocean? NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research.https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/deep-ocean.html

  2. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2025). Anglerfish.https://www.britannica.com/animal/anglerfish

  3. Rouse, G. W., & Goffredi, S. K. (2024). Deep-sea biodiversity and chemosynthetic ecosystems: Life at extreme ocean depths. Annual Review of Marine Science, 16, 319–345.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032823-013543


Ink with Intent: The Rise of Biosensitive Tattoos

  1. Yetisen, A. K., Martinez-Hurtado, J. L., Ünal, B., Khademhosseini, A., & Butt, H. (2018). Wearable sensors based on colourimetric tattoo inks. Advanced Materials, 30(10), 1706910.https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706910https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201706910

  2. Kim, J., Campbell, A. S., de Ávila, B. E.-F., & Wang, J. (2019). Wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Nature Biotechnology, 37(4), 389–406.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0045-yhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-019-0045-y

  3. Gao, W., Emaminejad, S., Nyein, H. Y. Y., Challa, S., Chen, K., Peck, A., … Javey, A. (2016). Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis. Nature, 529(7587), 509–514.https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16521https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16521


Ink with Intent: The Rise of Biosensitive Tattoos

  1. Lee, H., Scherer, N. F., & Messersmith, P. B. (2006). Single-molecule mechanics of mussel adhesion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(35), 12999–13003.https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605552103https://www.pnas.org/content/103/35/12999

  2. Fu, Y., Liu, S., Dong, Z., & Liu, X. (2019). Recent advances in injectable biodegradable bone adhesives for fracture fixation and repair. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 7(26), 3899–3911.https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TB00494Chttps://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/tb/c9tb00494c

  3. Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124


The Forum Beneath the Footsteps

  1. Lawless, J. (2025, February 13). Archaeologists unearth the remains of a Roman basilica on the site of a new London skyscraper. Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2025-02-archaeologists-unearth-roman-basilica-site.html Phys.org

  2. 2,000 Year-Old Roman Basilica To Go On Display As Part Of New City Building. (2025, July 8). Londonist. https://londonist.com/london/history/londinium-basilica-visitor-centre Londonist

  3. Archaeologists Unearth the Ruins of a 2,000-Year-Old Roman Basilica Beneath an Office Building in London. (2025, February 14). Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-unearth-the-ruins-of-a-2000-year-old-roman-basilica-beneath-an-office-building-in-london-180986070/ Smithsonian Magazine


The DNA Code

  1. Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. H. C. (1953). Molecular structure of nucleic acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature, 171(4356), 737–738.https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0https://www.nature.com/articles/171737a0

  2. Fire, A., Xu, S., Montgomery, M. K., Kostas, S. A., Driver, S. E., & Mello, C. C. (1998). Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 391(6669), 806–811.https://doi.org/10.1038/35888https://www.nature.com/articles/35888

  3. Adams, D., et al. (2018). Patisiran, an RNAi therapeutic, for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(1), 11–21.https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1716153

  4. Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 337(6096), 816–821.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1225829



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